Types of filaments produced and used for 3D printing.

The filament is a thermoplastic material that is most often used in the 3D printing process using the FDM melt deposition method. In this printing method, the applied material, which is a thermoplastic plastic, is extruded through a special nozzle of the 3D printer head. The head is heated to a temperature that allows the filament to melt. The printer head regulates the flow of a given thermoplastic and is moved in two axes according to the instructions of the CAM program. Movement in the third axis is provided by the printer bed, which is heated. The model is produced layer by layer until the end of 3D printing. 3D FDM printers mainly use plastics such as: PLA, ABS, PET-G, PVA, nylon, composite of plastic and wood, composite of plastic and gypsum, composite of plastic and metal powders and other materials. Industrial printers and less typical models can use other materials, e.g. resins, rubber.

Types of filaments produced and used for 3D printing.

1: ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene).

Technical filament, used in 3D printers working in incremental technology (FDM).

Due to its strength properties, it is very often used in printing functional prototypesAcrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is less popular than PLA for printing 3D modelsHowever, in terms of material properties, ABS is actually better than PLA, it is more difficult to print - it is susceptible to warping without a hot printing tableABS is offered in many colors and shades, remember that dyes affect the properties and quality of printed modelsABS absorbs moisture, so to maintain its properties, it should be stored in conditions free of moistureDifferent crackling noises can be heard when printing damp ABS water vapor bubbles coming out of the printer's nozzle Wet ABS has worse properties, which affects the printed model.

3D printer filament properties: ABS

• Strength: High | Elasticity: Medium | Durability: High.

• Difficulty to use: Moderate.

• Printing temperature: 210 – 260 °C.

• Printing bed temperature: 80 – 110 °C.

• Recommended printing in a heated chamber 35 ^o C - 50 ^o C.

• Shrinkage/Warping: Significant.

• Soluble: in esters, ketones and acetone.

• Food safety: Danger to food.

• The fumes generated during printing are toxic.

• Unpleasant smell during printing.

• Low abrasion resistance.

• Low density.

• low material cost,

• High heat resistance.

• Moisture absorption.

• Slight loss of strength properties under the action of temperature.

• High impact strength.

More information.

Products made of ABS are characterized by high durability and resistance to high temperatures. Users of 3D printers should remember about the high printing temperature of the ABS filament and the tendency to warp during cooling and intense, potentially dangerous vapors.

When should I use ABS 3D printer filament?

ABS is tough and can withstand high stresses and temperatures It is also moderately flexible Together, these properties make ABS a good 3D printer filament
Filament manufacturers offer standard ABS and modified ABS varieties, which are characterized by lower processing shrinkage, no requirement to print in a closed heated chamber, and limited toxic volatile compounds generated during 3D printing.

2: ASA (Acrylonitrile Styrene Acryl).

Filament is one of the technical materials used in 3D printers working in incremental technology (FDM).
The basic properties are not much different from ABSThe feature that distinguishes ASA from ABS is resistance to adverse external conditions, including UV radiation and ASA filament prints can be used where there is exposure to external weather conditions The advantage of ASA filament is that it maintains its high impact resistance at negative temperatures ASA is characterized by high thermal shrinkage ASA, like PLA and PETG, is available in a wide range of colors, it should be remembered that the added dyes have a significant impact on the properties of the extruded polymer and the models printed with it 3DASA absorbs moisture, so in order to maintain its properties, should be stored in dry conditions.Moist ASA is characterized by the fact that during the 3D printing process you can hear the crackling of bursting water vapor bubbles coming from the nozzle of the print head.

3D printer filament properties: ASA

• Strength: High | Elasticity: Medium | Durability: High.

• Difficulty to use: Moderate.

• Typical printing temperatures 240 ^o C - 260 ^o C.

• Required printing on a heated work table 90oc - 110oc.

• Recommended printing in a heated chamber 35 ^o C - 50 ^o C.

• The fumes generated during printing are toxic.

• Unpleasant smell during printing.

• Soluble in acetone.

• Low abrasion resistance.

• Low density.

• Low material cost.

• High heat resistance.

• Moisture absorption.

• High shrinkage.

• UV resistance.

• Resistance to adverse weather conditions.

• Slight loss of strength properties under the action of negative temperatures.

• High impact strength.

More information.

It is a 3D printer filament that is strong, stiff, and relatively easy to print ASA filament is resistant to chemical exposure and heat Except in extreme environmental conditions, it will generally not change shape or color For example, prints made of ABS tend to turn yellow if left on outside ASA filament is resistant to such phenomena. The advantage of using ASA filament instead of ABS is that it deforms less during printing. ASA filament can easily delaminate if the cooling of the 3D print is too strong.

When should I use ASA 3D printer filament?

ASA filament can be used in many applications, from bird feeders to custom garden items and other items exposed to the elements.

3: HIPS (High Impact Polystyrene).

Technical filament with properties similar to ABS, characterized by high impact strength Due to the printing requirements similar to ABS plastic, it is most often used as a support material for complex prints from ABS filament In combination with ABS filament in a printer with double extrusion, the HIPS system works as an excellent support material like ABS, it absorbs moisture. It is usually milky in color and is the natural color of this filament.Depending on the filament manufacturers, HIPS can be colored, however, coloring additives may change the properties of the filament.

3D printer filament properties: HIPS.

• Strength: High | elasticity: medium | durability: soluble.

• Difficulty to use: medium.

• Typical printing temperatures 230 ^o C - 245 ^o C.

• Required printing on a heated work table 90 ^o C - 110 ^o C.

• Recommended printing in a heated chamber 35 ^o C - 50 ^o C.

• Biodegradable material.

• Mainly used as a support material for ABS prints.

• Strength properties similar to ABS.

• High shrinkage.

• The fumes generated during printing are toxic.

• Soluble in limonene, which is used as a solvent for 3D printing.

• Very low density is the lightest material available in FDM technology.

• It can be used as auxiliary material or as a strong filament for a 3D printer.

• Requires post-processing to remove supports.

• Only compatible with ABS.

More information.

For dual extrusion printing with HIPS filament, you can apply supports and fill voids in the model with HIPS filament. Dipping the finished print in limonene will dissolve the HIPS system, leaving the final product.
The use of HIPS as a support material limits the printing of the actual part to ABSLimonene can damage filament materials other than ABSHIPS and ABS filaments work well together, have similar strength, stiffness and require comparable printing temperature.
In fact, despite its primary use as a support and support material, HIPS is a good 3D printing filament. It is stronger than PLA and ABS, deforms less than ABS, and can be easily glued, sanded, and painted.

When should I use HIPS 3D printer filament?

Sharing many characteristics with ABS, HIPS 3D printing filament is a good and versatile material for making parts that need to withstand wear and tear, or for projects that require a finish-friendly material for the final nice appearance of the printed model.

4: PA (Polyamide / Nylon).

Technical filament with good strength properties. Very durable material used in 3D printers working in additive technology (FDM).

Nylon, known as polyamide (PA), belongs to a family of synthetic polymers used in industry and is a material for 3D printingAs a 3D printing filament, it is used where strength, flexibility and durability are important requirementsThere are many varieties of nylon used to make the filament used in printing 3DPolyamides are respectively called PA6, PA6.6, PA12Each type is distinguished by different propertiesThe feature of filaments made of polyamides, as in the case of ABS, is the need to maintain stable temperature conditions of the printer chamber during printing due to high thermal shrinkageAnother feature is high moisture absorptionMoist nylon is not suitable due to the poor bonding of successive layers and the low quality of the outer walls of the printouts.Pure nylon designed for 3D printing in FDM technology comes in a natural color that is similar to milk or cream.

PA6 / PA 6.6

• 3D printer filament properties: Nylon PA 6 PA 6.6.

• Strength: Very High | Elasticity: High | Durability: High.

• Difficulty to use: Moderate.

• Typical printing temperatures 250 ^o C - 300 ^o C.

• Required printing on a heated work table 70 ^o C - 100 ^o C.

• Recommended printing in a heated chamber 30 ^o C - 50 ^o C.

• Lower shrinkage compared to PA12.

• Higher moisture absorption compared to PA12.

• Higher shrinkage than ABS.

• The fumes generated during printing are toxic.

• High heat resistance from 100 ^o C upwards.

• Very good strength properties.

• High chemical resistance.

• High abrasion resistance.

• Not soluble.

• Susceptible to moisture.

• Requires high temperature of the print nozzle and printer bed.

PA12

• 3D printer filament properties: Nylon PA 12.

• Strength: Very High | Elasticity: High | Durability: High.

• Difficulty to use: Moderate.

• typical printing temperatures 250 ^o C - 280 ^o C.

• required printing on a heated work table 60 ^o C - 90 ^o C.

• indicated printing in a heated chamber 35 ^o C - 50 ^o C.

• Lower moisture absorption compared to PA6.

• higher shrinkage compared to PA6.

• lower impact strength compared to PA6.

• very good strength properties.

• higher shrinkage than ABS.

• high chemical resistance.

• the fumes generated during printing are toxic.

• low resistance to UV radiation.

• Not soluble.

• Susceptible to moisture.

• Requires high temperature of the print nozzle and printer bed.

More information.

PA can be dyed before or after the printing process. A negative feature of nylon, like PETG, is its hygroscopicity, so remember to store it in a cool, dry place to ensure good quality 3D prints.
When should I use nylon 3D printer filament?

Utilizing the strength, flexibility, and durability of nylon, this type of 3D printer filament can be used to create tools, functional prototypes, or mechanical parts such as hinges, gear clasps, and mechanical parts.

5: PEEK (polyether ether ketone).

Technical filament with very good strength and chemical properties It is considered a very mechanically durable material available for printing in additive technology (FDM).

It is characterized by very high resistance to high temperatures, temperature resistance is up to 350oCPEEK is available as a material without additives, as well as in variants doped with carbon fiber or glass fiberThe filament is usually available in a color close to beige or blackIn the case of PEEK+CF filament, it is black
PEEK is one of the most efficient polymeric plastics available.This high purity, high temperature polymer has excellent dielectric properties, a very low coefficient of friction and withstands the most rigorous physical and mechanical loads.
PEEK (PolyEtherEtherKetone) is one of the most efficient polymers in the worldPEEK has exceptional mechanical, thermal and chemical resistance, making it a material that can be used in some of the most demanding applications.
It is not an easy material for users of 3D printersPrinting with PEEK material requires experience, proper selection of printing parameters and preparation of the 3D printerThis material requires stable temperature conditionsPEEK absorbs moisture from the air, therefore it should be stored in dry conditionsWet PEEK is characterized by the fact that during During the 3D printing process, you can hear the characteristic crackling of bursting water vapor bubbles coming from the nozzle tip of the printing head. Damp PEEK has much worse properties, which affects the printed model.

3D printer filament properties: PEEK.

• Strength: Very High | Elasticity: High | Durability: High.

• Difficulty to use: High.

• Typical printing temperatures 50 ^o C - 450 ^o C.

• Required printing on a heated work table 120 ^o C - 160 ^o C.

• Required printing in a heated chamber 60 ^o C-100 ^o C.

• Very good strength properties.

• High impact strength and stiffness.

• Very high temperature resistance up to 350 ^o C.

• Long-term hydrolytic stability even above ^250oC .

• High resistance to greases, solvents, etc.

• The fumes generated during printing are toxic.

• High material cost.

• High material shrinkage.

• High moisture absorption.

• Fireproof and self-extinguishing.

• Low emission of smoke and toxic gases.

• Resistant to a wide range of chemicals including automotive fluids, fluorinated hydrocarbons, alcohols and aqueous solutions.

• Excellent dimensional stability with low thermal creep, low and uniform coefficient of thermal expansion.

• Highly repeatable dimensions of individual parts.

More information.

Typical applications for PEEK include machinery and equipment components in the automotive, marine, nuclear, drilling, electronics, medical and aerospace industries. Parts made of this material are often used as replacements for metal parts.
The desired state of PEEK is a semi-crystalline state, which can be obtained during the annealing process of the printed 3D model. To achieve high dimensional accuracy of models and the expected quality of prints, the material requires a high extrusion temperature, a heated bed and an actively heated printing chamber. Typical PEEK applications include:
Seals, gears, bushings, bearings, pump and compressor components
Industries served: Automotive, Aerospace, Defense, Semiconductor, Oil & Gas

6: PC (polycarbonate / polycarbonate).

Technical material with very good strength properties. It is characterized by high impact strength and stiffness. One of the more durable materials used in 3D printers working in additive manufacturing technology (FDM).

Polycarbonate is offered as standard in a colorless form and is characterized by high transparency. Depending on the manufacturer of the filament, it is possible to purchase this material in a colored version, however, it should be borne in mind that the dye may affect the properties of the material.3D printing using polycarbonate is not the easiest. The feature of this material is high absorption of moisture from the air and thermal shrinkage. Wet polycarbonate is not suitable for printing due to poor bonding of layers. High thermal shrinkage of PC forces stable thermal conditions in the working chamber of the 3D printer.

3D printer filament properties: PC (polycarbonate).

• Strength: Very High | Elasticity: Medium | Durability: Very high.

• Difficulty to use: Moderate.

• Typical printing temperatures 250 ^o C - 320 ^o C.

• Required printing on a heated work table 90 ^o C - 140 ^o C.

• Recommended printing in a heated chamber 50 ^o C - 60 ^o C.

• Low warping, high heat resistance.

• Very good strength properties.

• High impact strength.

• High stiffness and hardness.

• The fumes generated during printing are toxic.

• Very high shrinkage.

• Self-extinguishing material.

• High moisture absorption.

• High heat resistance from 100 ^o C upwards.

• Insoluble.

• Perfect for functional end parts as well as prototypes.

More information.

Despite this being reported in similar use cases, PC should not be confused with acrylic or plexiglass (PMMA), which tend to crack under stress. Unlike these two materials, PC is moderately flexible and can bend.
3D PC printer filament is hygroscopic and absorbs water from the air, so remember to store it in a cool, dry place to ensure better quality prints.

When should I use 3D PC printer filament?

Due to its physical properties, PC is a good 3D printer filament for parts that need to maintain their strength and shape in high temperature environments, such as electrical, mechanical or automotive components. Its optical properties can be used in lighting designs, screens and other applications, that require transparency.

7: PC/ABS (polycarbonate / acrylonitrile butadiene styrene).

Technical filament, which is a mixture of two polymers: PC and ABS, most often in the proportions of 80% ABS 20% PCBy combining these two materials, we get a filament that combines the features of ABS and PC materialIt is a good solution when you need to create durable functional prototype parts whose printing from a pure PC it would be problematic.

PC-ABS (polycarbonate + acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) is the highest quality high temperature 3D printing filament PC-ABS combines the mechanical properties and high temperature resistance of PC with the printability of ABS and allows you to print functional prototypes and production parts with very fine details and excellent surface quality PC-ABS is suitable for use in both consumer and industrial FDM/FFF printers that have a heated bed.

PC/ABS is characterized by lower thermal shrinkage than ABS or PC. This filament absorbs moisture, so it should be kept in dry conditions. Damp PC/ABS is characterized by the fact that during the 3D printing process you can hear the characteristic crackling of water vapor bubbles.Damp PC/ABS has worse properties, which negatively affects the printed model.

3D printer filament properties: PC/ABS (polycarbonate / acrylonitrile butadiene styrene).

• Strength: Very High | Elasticity: Medium | Durability: Very high.

• Difficulty to use: Moderate.

• Typical printing temperatures 250oC - ^280oC .

• Required printing on a heated work table 90oC - 120oC ^.

• Recommended printing in a heated chamber 30 ^o C - 60 ^o C.

• High impact strength and high hardness.

• Good strength properties.

• Robust parts with durable PC properties and ABS printability.

• Easier to print than polycarbonate but tougher than ABS.

• Improved thermal properties, ductility and impact resistance.

• Amorphous structure giving less, close to isotropic shrinkage.

• The beautiful low-gloss surface finish helps to hide layer lines and gives printed parts a very technical look.

• Less shrinkage than classic ABS or PC material.

• Less moisture absorption than PC.

• Printing fumes can be toxic.

• Unpleasant smell during printing.

• Slight loss of strength properties under the action of temperature.

More information.

PC-ABS offers many of the advantages of PC, including strength and durability, but is easier to print and offers a lower gloss surface finish that hides layer lines and provides a professional look and feel to any print Good for printing solid parts with long-lasting properties Filament PC-ABS printer material is hygroscopic and absorbs water from the air, so be sure to store it in a cool, dry place for better print quality.

When should I use PC-ABS 3D printer filament?

Due to its physical properties, PC-ABS is a good 3D printer filament for parts that need to maintain their strength and shape in high temperature environments, such as electrical, mechanical or automotive components

8: PETG (Polyethyl terephthalate + glycol).

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most widely used plastics in the world It is best known as a polymer used in water bottles, it is also found in clothing fibers and food containers Raw PET is rarely used in 3D printing, its variant PETG is an increasingly popular fiber to the 3D printer.

It is a popular filament used in 3D printers working in additive technology (FDM) It is characterized by good strength properties, impact strength and good heat resistance as well as resistance to the adverse effects of lubricants PETG comes in a very wide range of colors This material should be stored in dry conditions The effect of moisture has a negative impact on material properties and the 3D printing process.A characteristic feature of wet PETG is the appearance of threads when the head passes without extruding the material, despite the good 3D printing profile.

3D printer filament properties: PETG (PET, PETT).

• Strength: High | Elasticity: Medium | Durability: High.

• Difficulty of use: Low.

• Typical printing temperatures 220 ^o C - 250 ^o C.

• Recommended printing on a heated work table 50 ^o C - 75 ^o C.

• Good strength properties, higher than PLA.

• high impact strength.

• slight thermal shrinkage.

• It absorbs moisture from the air.

• Weak odor when printing.

• Resistant to common lubricants.

• Not resistant to UV rays.

• Good abrasion resistance.

• Good heat resistance, higher than PLA.

• PETG is not brittle, it is easier to scratch than ABS.

• PETG is sticky when printed.

• Flexible, durable, easy to print

More information.

The letter G in the PETG designation stands for glycolAs a 3D printing material, it is less brittle and most importantly, easier to print than its basic form For this reason, PETG is often considered a good middle ground between ABS and PLA filaments, it is more flexible and durable than PLA and easier to for printing than ABS Has better chemical resistance compared to PLA or ABS Can be cleaned with isopropyl alcohol if needed.

PETG shows good resistance to dilute aqueous solutions of mineral acids, alkalis, salts and soaps, as well as aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols and various oils.

Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PETT) is another variant of PETSlightly stiffer than PETG, this 3D printer filament is popular for its transparency.

When should I use PETG (PET, PETT) 3D printer filament?

PETG is a good all round material, it stands out from many other types of 3D printer filaments due to its flexibility, strength and resistance to heat and impact This makes it a good 3D printer filament for use with functional objects that may experience permanent or sudden stresses such as mechanical parts, printer parts and protective componentsPETG is easier to print than ABS or Nylon, but offers many of the advanced properties of an engineering grade resin.

9: PLA (Polylactide).

PLA is a biopolymer derived from plants. It is famous for being perfect for virtually all stationary 3D printers.
PLA is best known for its ease of printing, stiffness and extremely high visual print quality. It is ideal for prototypes, concept models and printed parts for end-use applications for both hobbyists and industrial engineers.
It is characterized by high simplicity of printing and strength properties suitable for most prototype elements, especially decorative ones. PLA is available in a very wide range of colors.PLA is also not suitable for printing elements working under load for a long time.

3D printer filament properties: PLA.

• Strength: medium | Elasticity: Low | Durability: Medium.

• Difficulty of use: Low.

• Typical printing temperatures 190 ^o C - 230 ^o C.

• It does not require a heated bed and housing.

• Biodegradable material made from plants.

• PLA is a renewable biopolymer.

• No heated bed required.

• Very little thermal shrinkage.

• Not resistant to UV rays.

• It deforms under the influence of high temperature.

• Good strength properties.

• Very low odor, ideal for 3D printing in home and office environments.

• Great surface quality after printing.

• In addition to the standard PLA available on the market, manufacturers offer modified PLA, which is characterized by increased strength properties while maintaining the simplicity of printing.

More information.

First of all, PLA filament is easy to print. It has a lower printing temperature than ABS and does not warp as easily, which means that a heated print bed is not required, although it definitely helps with 3D printing. Another advantage of using PLA is that it does not emit an odor when printing. considered an odorless printing fiber.
An attractive property of PLA filament is the availability in an almost infinite number of colors and types.
Many specialty filaments use PLA as the base material, such as those with conductive or glow-in-the-dark properties, or those filled with wood or metal.
PLA is to some extent more environmentally friendly than many 3D printer filaments, and will biodegrade under certain commercially achievable conditions.

When should I use PLA 3D printer filament?

Compared to other types of 3D printer filaments, PLA is brittle, so avoid printing items that may be bent, twisted, or dropped multiple times.
You should also avoid using it with items that need to withstand higher temperatures as PLA tends to deform at temperatures of 60°C or higher. For all other applications, PLA is a good choice for 3D printers.

10: PEI (polyetherimide).

Ultra-efficient filament for 3D printing ULTEM filaments give the opportunity to create parts with excellent properties at elevated temperatures thanks to a high glass transition temperature.
PEI is an amorphous high performance polymer that combines excellent thermal properties, exceptional dimensional stability, inherent flame retardancy and good chemical resistance
Technical filament with very good strength and chemical properties, similar to PEEK material In a direct comparison of strength properties with PEEK material, PEI is characterized by greater printing simplicity than PEEK The advantage of PEI is high fire resistance This material is non-flammable Similar to PEEK, PEI has high chemical resistance It is very often used in industry aviation PEI is characterized by moisture absorption, so it should be stored in dry conditions. Damp PEI during the 3D printing process generates crackling noises coming from the nozzle tip of the printer.Wet PEI has much worse properties, which is reflected directly on the printed model.

Properties of the 3D printer filament: PEI (polyetherimide / ULTEM.

• Strength: Very High | Elasticity: High | Durability: High.

• Difficulty to use: High.

• Typical printing temperatures 350 ^o C - 380 ^o C.

• Required printing on a heated work table 120 ^o C - 160 ^o C.

• Required printing in a heated chamber 50 ^o C-80 ^o C.

• Very good strength properties, similar to PEEK.

• High impact strength and high stiffness.

• Very high temperature resistance up to 200 ^o C.

• High chemical resistance.

• Fire retardant with low smoke production and low smoke toxicity.

• Long-term hydrolytic stability.

• Excellent dimensional stability, low thermal creep sensitivity and a very low uniform coefficient of thermal expansion ensure high part dimensional consistency.

• High strength and modulus of elasticity at elevated temperatures.

• Good resistance to a wide range of chemicals including automotive fluids, fully fluorinated hydrocarbons, alcohols and aqueous solutions.

• Stable dielectric constant and dissipation factor over a wide temperature and frequency range.

• High material shrinkage.

• High moisture absorption.

• High material cost, lower compared to PEEK.

More information.

Perfect balance of flame retardant, low smoke emission and low smoke toxicity makes PEI filament an excellent candidate for aerospace applications. PEI resins are used in applications such as personal service units, oxygen panels and components, ventilation system components, connectors , cable ducts, latches, hinges, door handles and interior lining elements.

ULTEM™ resins provide automakers with a high-performance, chemically resistant, thermally stable and cost-effective alternative to metal that is strong enough to replace steel in some applications, yet light enough to replace aluminum in others. ignition components, sensors and thermostat housings
If required, printed parts can be baked in a hot air oven to reduce mechanical stresses that may be present in the printed part.

11: PMMA (Polymethyl methacrylate).

PMMA is most often used as a lightweight, crack-resistant alternative to glass. It has a relatively high resistance to weathering, good optical properties and UV radiation. It is not a simple material for 3D printing in FDM technology, due to shrinkage and the need to ensure stable temperature conditions, and precise selection of printing parameters Too low temperature causes delamination of the print, while too high temperature causes overheating of the material, which leads to the deterioration of the appearance of the print walls PMMA as a filament is colorless, and is also available in the basic RGB color range it is toxic and prone to warping.However, it has its advantages such as strength, durability and impact resistance.

Properties of the 3D printer filament: PMMA (Polymethyl methacrylate / Plexiglass).

• Strength: High | Elasticity: Low | Durability: High.

• Difficulty to use: High.

• Typical printing temperatures 230 ^o C - 250 ^o C.

• Required printing on a heated work table 80 ^o C - 110 ^o C.

• Recommended printing in a heated chamber 30 ^o C - 45 ^o C.

• High transparency.

• It transmits UV radiation.

• Resistant to weather conditions.

• Vapors generated during printing are toxic.

• High thermal shrinkage.

• Rigid, transparent and impact resistant.

• Prone to warping, inflexible, requires high printing temperature.

• PMMA are destroyed by ketones.

• PMMA reacts with alcohols and organic acids.

More information.

3D printing with PMMA 3D printer filament can be a little tricky To prevent warping and maximize clarity, extrusion needs to be consistent, requiring high nozzle temperatures This can also help to close the printing chamber for better cooling control Usually PMMA filament is transparent, which makes it great for suitable for printing semi-transparent parts through which light must passYou can use this filament to print items such as lampshades and other items that are either fully or semi-transparent

When should you use PMMA 3D printer filament?

Rigid, impact resistant and transparent, use this 3D printer filament for anything that should diffuse light, whether it's replacement glass or a colorful toy Do not use it to print anything that should bend as PMMA is not flexible PMMA filament is an excellent thermoplastic material for printing three-dimensional objects that require transparency Good mechanical strength and resistance to the destructive effects of chemical compounds are important advantages of the material that affect the durability of filaments whose base component is poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA is a material which are worth using in 3D printing with the FDM technique.

12: POM (Polyoxymethylene).

Polyoxymethylene (POM), also known as acetal and Delrin, is well known for its use as an engineering plastic, for example in parts that move or require high precisionTechnical filament with very good strength properties, characterized by high stiffness and additionally high chemical resistanceNo absorbs water and is resistant to UV radiation Polymethylene has excellent chemical properties that make it insensitive to temperature, thanks to which the element printed with POM remains stable and does not deform even under the influence of temperatures from -40 to +140 degrees Celsius Moisture absorption is also very low and has good electrical insulation In addition, it is resistant to impact and abrasion, and has good sliding properties The impact resistance of prints made of POM results from very good adhesion between individual printed layers It is not easy to material for 3D printing in FDM technology due to high shrinkage and the need to ensure stable temperature conditions inside the printer's working chamber.POM as a filament is most often colorless or black.

3D printer filament properties: POM (Polyoxymethylene).

• Strength: High | Elasticity: Low | Durability: High.

• Difficulty to use: High.

• Typical printing temperatures 250 ^o C - 280 ^o C.

• Required printing on a heated work table 70 ^o C - 130 ^o C.

• Recommended printing in a heated chamber 40 ^o C - 60 ^o C.

• High chemical resistance.

• High thermal shrinkage.

• High stiffness and high impact strength.

• Low coefficient of friction.

• High fatigue strength.

• Very good strength properties.

• Good resistance to chemicals and heat.

• Difficulties with the adhesion of the first layer, requires a high temperature of the printing bed.

• The fumes generated during printing are toxic.

• Combustible.

• Unfading material.

More information.

A POM printed part may be indistinguishable from an injection molded part. Another advantage is that POM is insensitive to many chemicals.
Acetal as a material is commonly used as gears, bearings, camera focusing mechanisms and zippers POM performs exceptionally well in these types of applications due to its strength, stiffness, wear resistance and most importantly, low coefficient of friction Thanks to its low coefficient of friction, POM creates such a good 3D printer filament The nature of this material means that prints can be almost as functional as mass-produced parts.

When should I use Acetal (POM) 3D printer filament?

POM is suitable for a wide range of applications, for example, thanks to its impact resistance and low friction and good sliding properties, it is suitable for the production of the smallest gears and at the same time for the production of components such as belt buckles It is also possible to use POM for parts such as heating furnaces that are exposed to heatThe white color of the material makes it also suitable for the production of parts with high aesthetic properties, be it car interior fittings or even implantsIn medicine, it convinces not only with its mechanical and chemical properties, durability and resistance to disinfectants, but also with colorAny moving parts must be low-friction and durablePOM has many interesting properties and is therefore suitable for many different applicationsHowever, you should already have some experience in 3D printing in order to achieve the intended effect when printing.

13: PP (polypropylene)

Polypropylene (PP) is strong, flexible, lightweight, chemically resistant and food safe, which may explain its wide range of applications, including engineering plastics, food packaging, textiles and banknotes Technical filament with high chemical resistance, high flexibility It has high chemical resistance , especially at room temperature. At this temperature, it is almost completely resistant to acids, alkalis and salts, as well as organic solvents. Polypropylene is a flammable, colorless, odorless and water-resistant material. the need to ensure stable temperature conditions inside the working chamber of the printer.PP as a filament is colorless, no dyes are used.

3D printer filament properties: PP (polypropylene).

• Strength: High | Elasticity: High| Durability: High.

• Difficulty to use: High.

• Typical printing temperatures 240 ^o C - 270 ^o C.

• Required printing on a heated work table 70 ^o C - 100 ^o C.

• Recommended printing in a heated chamber 40 ^o C - 50 ^o C.

• Does not absorb moisture, does not require drying.

• High thermal shrinkage.

• Low density and weight.

• Flexible material.

• High electrical resistance is a good insulator.

• Low coefficient of friction.

• High fatigue strength.

• Very good connection of layers during printing.

• Excellent dimensional stability due to zero moisture absorption.

• High chemical resistance.

• Resistance to acids: acetic, boric, hydrochloric, phosphoric, stearic, sulfuric, uric.

• Alkali resistance: Ammonium, Barium, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium hydroxides.

• Solvent resistance: Acetone, Ethanol, MEK, Phenol (10%), Water.

More information.

PP is very difficult to print, often characterized by high warping and poor layer adhesion Were it not for these problems, PP could rival PLA and ABS for the most common types of 3D printer filaments, given its strong mechanical and chemical properties, since many household items are made with PP, it is possible to recycle old things and turn them into new filament.

When should you use PP 3D printer filament?

High tensile strength makes polypropylene perfect for the production of elements that require durability while maintaining flexibility, such as closed containers, handles, etc. It is successfully used both in advanced engineering projects and in home conditions.
Polypropylene is recyclable, therefore printouts and printing scrap can be segregated with other waste and recycled, which perfectly reflects the spirit of the "zero-waste" idea.

14: TPE, TPU, TPC (thermoplastic elastomers).

Thermoplastic elastomers (TPE) are plastics with properties similar to rubber, thanks to which they are extremely flexible and durable. TPE is used for the production of automotive parts, household appliances and medical materials. FDM) for the production of prototype elements that must be characterized by properties similar to rubber. The material is available with different hardnesses on the Shore hardness scale.The material is available in a wide range of colors.

Properties of 3D printer filaments: TPE, TPU, TPC (thermoplastic elastomers).

• Strength: medium | Elasticity: Very high | Durability: Very high.

• Difficulty to use: medium (TPE, TPC); Low (TPU).

• Typical printing temperatures 200 ^o C - 240 ^o C.

• Recommended printing on a heated bed 30 ^o C - 70 ^o C.

• Requires low print speeds of 20-50 mm/s.

• Extremely flexible, good for parts that bend or compress.

• Difficult to print, requires tight filament path and slow printing speed.

• Very good weldability of the printed layers.

• It has the characteristics of rubber.

• Resistant to lubricants.

• Very good strength properties.

• Minimal thermal shrinkage.

• Insoluble.

More information.

Thermoplastic elastomers are a broad class of copolymers and polymer blends, but they are still used to label many types of 3D printer filaments available on the market. Soft and stretchy, the fibers can withstand stresses that neither ABS nor PLA can tolerate. On the other hand, printing with thermoplastic elastomers is not always easy.

Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) is a particular variety of thermoplastic elastomers and is a popular 3D printer filament. Compared to standard TPE, TPU is slightly stiffer - making it easier to print. It is also slightly more durable and can better retain its flexibility in the cold.

Thermoplastic copolymer (TPC) is another variety of thermoplastic elastomers, although not as widely used as TPUAs with most cases, the main advantage of TPC is higher resistance to chemicals and UV radiation, as well as resistance to heat (up to 150 °C).

When should I use TPE, TPU or TPC 3D printer filament?

Use thermoplastic elastomers when creating objects that need to be flexible If a 3D printed part bends, stretches or compresses, these 3D printer filaments should be right for the job Sample prints may include toys, phone cases or wearable devices such as wristbandsTPC can be used for similar applications, but it works especially well in harsher environments such as outdoors or anywhere it will be exposed to high temperatures, such as in a car.

The name TPU is conventionally adopted for all thermoplastic materials in the form of filaments, intended for 3D printers working in additive technology (FDM). Manufacturers do not always use it and call their materials differently.

15: PPS (polyphenylene sulfide).

Polyphenylene sulfide is a high performance polymer that exhibits exceptional chemical resistance along with high thermal and mechanical propertiesExhibits exceptional chemical resistance along with surface resistance to electrostatic discharge Widely known as one of the most chemically resistant thermoplastic materials.PPS is completely insoluble in any known solvent below 200°C.

Properties of 3D printer filaments: PPS (polyphenylene sulfide).

• Strength: High | Elasticity: High | Durability: High.

• Difficulty to use: High.

• Typical printing temperatures 310 ^o C - 350 ^o C.

• Required printing on a heated work table 120 ^o C - 160 ^o C.

• Recommended printing in a heated chamber 50 ^o C - 90 ^o C.

• High chemical resistance.

• Stable dielectric constant and dissipation factor over a wide temperature and frequency range.

• Fireproof and self-extinguishing.

• Long-term hydrolytic stability for very low moisture absorption.

• Exceptional strength and modulus even at elevated temperatures.

• Constant surface resistivity.

• Good impact and elongation resistance.

• Low particulate pollution.

More information.

Parts printed with PPS must be heated after printing to increase the crystallinity of the resin. This will maximize the mechanical, thermal and chemical resistance properties. Full anneal usually requires 2-4 hours of heating at 130°C.

When should I use PPS (polyphenylene sulfide) 3D printer filament?

PPS is used in some of the most demanding applications in the automotive, chemical, oil and gas and electronics industries. It is inherently flame retardant and self-extinguishing, making it an ideal material for electrical/electronic applications.

16: PVA (Polyvinyl alcohol).

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is soluble in water and this property is used in commercial applications. A popular support material used in additive manufacturing (FDM) 3D printers. material would be impossible due to the lack of physical access for tools. The disadvantage of PVA is its high moisture absorption. Wet PVA is practically unusable.

Properties of 3D printer filaments: PVA (Polyvinyl alcohol).

• Strength: medium | Elasticity: High | Durability: Soluble in water.

• Difficulty in use: high, susceptible to moisture.

• Typical printing temperatures 180oC - 200oC.

• No heated bed required.

• Low material shrinkage.

• Ease and speed of use.

• Soluble in water (warm water, speeds up the process).

• It deforms under the influence of high temperature.

• High moisture absorption.

• Great support material.

• Difficult to handle, susceptible to moisture.

• Storing PVA away from sunlight and at a temperature between 15°C and 25°C will prolong its life.

More information.

The properties of PVA make it applicable in 3DPVA printing is an excellent support material when combined with another filament in a dual extrusion 3D printer The advantage of using PVA is that it can handle more materials than just ABSFirst of all, it is used as a support material in printingFilaments are recommended PVA in places where the supporting structure is difficult to access and complicated.It is soluble in low-temperature water and does not need any additional chemicals. It is enough to immerse the printed model with supports in lukewarm or warm water to get the final effect after several minutes.
As a 3D printing filament, it is a bit more difficult to handle. Care should be taken when storing as moisture in the atmosphere can damage the filament prior to printing.

When should I use PVA 3D printer filament?

PVA filament is a great choice as a support material for intricate prints.

17: BVOH (butenediol-vinyl alcohol copolymer).

BVOH is a modern, water-soluble support filament, necessary for printing 3D models with complex geometry. It is easier to print and dissolves twice as fast as PVAD. Works well with both PLA, ABS, ABS, ASA, PA and composite materials, which makes the scope of its use wider than PVA.

Properties of 3D printer filaments: BVOH (butenediol and vinyl alcohol copolymer).

• Strength: medium | Elasticity: High | Durability: Soluble in water.

• Difficulty in use: average, susceptible to moisture.

• Typical printing temperatures - 180oC - 200oC.

• The disadvantage is the rather high price of the material.

• Water-soluble additive material.

• No heated bed required.

• Printing in combination with materials requiring higher printing temperatures ABS, ASA, PA.

• High moisture absorption.

• Easy to print compared to PVA.

• Waste can be disposed of in household sewage.

• Perfect for coating, emulsifying, gluing.

• Sensitivity to light and solar radiation.

More information.

BVOH filament can be used to print high-quality prototypes, complex structures and moving mechanisms. It will work where other support materials could be difficult to remove or would not be good for a satisfactory effect. Using BVOH filament makes printing complex 3D objects easier.

Supports printed with BVOH filament are easy to removeAfter printing a 3D model, place it in warm water, and supports printed with BVOH filament will dissolve. As a result of dissolution, the correct model will be revealed, with better quality than in the case of break-out supports. This filament is characterized by high adhesion to various type of materials Can be combined with: PET-G, ABS, ASA, PLA, flexible filaments, etc.

The filament should be stored in a dry place, e.g. in resealable bags, in order to avoid material moisture and deterioration of its properties.

When should I use BVOH 3D printer filament?

BVOH filament is a great choice as a support material for complex prints.
Support material for filaments, printing projects with overhangs or complex objects.

Fig. 18: Filled filaments (composites of polymeric materials).

There are many varieties of standard materials on the filament market, such as: PLA, ABS, PETG, PA In comparison to non-filled filament varieties, these filled filaments contain additives introduced into the molten polymer The introduction of fillers allows you to change the properties of the base polymer The following changes are made: strength, mechanical properties, surface structure, appearance, color.Filled and doped filaments l allow you to create effective and impressive 3D model printouts.

The most commonly used fillets filled with admixtures to change their properties are:

A: Carbon fiber filament (composites of polymer and carbon fibres).

Filaments filled with carbon fiber usually have the addition CF, +CF, CF15, +CF15% in the name Filaments with the addition of carbon fiber are available in black For printing with carbon fiber reinforced filaments, it is recommended to use nozzles for the printer head made of steel hardened in the process of hardening, nitriding or PVD, because they are characterized by much greater resistance to abrasion. Adding carbon fibers to the filament used for 3D printing changes the mechanical properties and smoothness of 3D prints. Adding carbon fibers has a positive effect on the strength parameters of the material. PET-G and PLA plastics.

Carbon fibers exhibit many desirable material properties:

• High stiffness.

• High tensile strength.

• High heat tolerance.

• High chemical resistance.

• Low weight.

• Low thermal expansion.

Carbon filaments are produced by many companies that prepare materials for FDM 3D printing Carbon filaments are ideal for all applications that require lightness and stiffness Carbon fiber reinforced parts, designed to use less materials and reduce weight, are extremely popular in aerospace, engineering land, military and motorsports.

B: Filament Glass fiber (composites of polymer and glass fibers).

Glass filled filaments usually have GFT in the nameThis material has high abrasive properties among 3D printing filamentsUsers may find that the standard brass nozzles of 3D printer heads wear out very quicklyThe diameter of the nozzle will increase unevenly until the printer experiences problems with extrusionFor printing with reinforced filaments with glass fibre, it is recommended to use special nozzles for the printer head made of steel hardened in the process of hardening, nitriding or PVD, because they are much more resistant to abrasion than traditional brass nozzles There are filaments on the market filled with glass fibers for printing models in contact with with electronic components sensitive to electrostatic discharge Glass fibers are an insulator, unlike carbon fibers, which are a conductor Glass fibers do not deteriorate the dielectric properties of the filament Such filaments have electrically insulating and antistatic propertiesThey are usually suitably modified PLA, ABS, PETG, PA materials. Glass fibers, along with their physical properties, give the filaments great strength and good mechanical properties.

Fiberglass reinforcement gives the material many desirable properties:

• High strength.

• High rigidity.

• High chemical resistance.

• Low thermal expansion.

For these reasons, glass fiber reinforced fiber is very popular in the automotive, mechanical, civil engineering and research industries.

C: ESD filament (composites of polymer and conductive additives).

Filaments designed for use in critical applications that require protection against electrostatic discharge (ESD), high thermal properties, high mechanical properties and fire resistance.The surface resistance of the printed ESD part may vary depending on the temperature of the printer's extruder. For example, if tests show that the part is too insulating, increasing the temperature of the extruder will improve the conductivity. Therefore, the surface resistance can be changed by adjusting the temperature of the extruder up or down depending on resistance reading received.
Filaments marked with this symbol have electrostatic dissipative properties. Electrostatic filaments are made on the basis of PA, PLA, ABS, PETG, PPS.
Typical ESD PPS applications include: hard drive components, board handling, instruments, housings and connectors handling, measuring and sensing applications.

D: Copper, Aluminum, Iron, Magnetic filament (polymer and metal powder composites).

Filaments most often produced on the basis of PLA and other thermoplastics filled with copper powder, thanks to which the printed model can be polished at a later stage of processing Polished 3D print resembles metallic copper Filaments are available on the market highly filled with copper powder, which enable the user of the FDM 3D printer to print objects from that are almost indistinguishable from objects made of metallic copper. For printing with metal powder filled filaments, it is recommended to use hardened steel nozzles, as they are much more resistant to abrasion.

Filaments can be filled with other metal powders: iron, magnesium or aluminum 3D models printed using filaments filled with metal powders are clearly heavier due to the content of powdered metal and resemble elements made of metal For printing with filaments doped with metal powders, it is recommended to use hardened steel nozzles, because they are characterized by greater resistance to abrasion. Filaments filled with metal powders can be produced from granulates containing powders. You can also produce granules of thermoplastic polymers filled with metal powders on your own.

E: Filament Wood (composites of polymer and wood powders or fibers).

Filaments, most often based on PLA and other thermoplastics, filled with powders or wood fibers. Printed models imitate elements made of wood. Models printed with the use of wood filament retain the characteristic smell of wood. Various shades of wooden filaments are available on the market, and there are also filaments whose color changes depending on the current printing temperature. For printing with wood-reinforced filaments, it is recommended to use hardened steel nozzles, because they are more resistant to abrasion. Due to the presence of wood particles in the filament, there is a risk of clogging of a nozzle with a small diameter.
3D printing can be fun This material allows you to create nice, wood-like prints of 3D models You can sand and dye prints The printing is accompanied by a smell reminiscent of real wood

F: Filament Mineral, Stone (composite of polymer and mineral powders).

Filaments are most often produced on the basis of PLA and other thermoplastics filled with mineral powders.Filaments filled with mineral powders make 3D printed models imitate elements made of natural stone.

• Mineral fillers of plastics are introduced to improve or change the properties of:

• surface appearance.

• Mechanical properties.

• thermal properties.

• Increasing the weight and volume of the polymer-filler composition.

• Reducing the price of the finished product.

Some of the fillers give plastics special properties, such as:

• Less flammability.

• Increased thermal resistance.

• Thermal conductivity.

• High or low coefficient of friction.

• Shape durability.

Due to the presence of chalk particles and other mineral admixtures in the filament, there is a risk of clogging of the nozzle with a small diameter.

Mineral filaments are good materials that can be used in architectural studios and by artists. The materials are characterized by susceptibility to mechanical processing after printing.